Local government in Scotland
2008/9 Schools Wikipedia Selection. Related subjects: UK Politics & government
Local government in Scotland is organised through 32 unitary authorities consisting of councillors elected every four years by registered voters in each of the council areas.
Councils receive the majority of their funding from central government, through Aggregate External Finance (AEF). AEF consists of three parts: Revenue Support Grants, Non-Domestic Rates, and Income and Specific Grants. The level of central government support for each authority is determined by the Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Sustainable Growth, currently John Swinney MSP, and is distributed by the Finance and Central Services Department of the Scottish Government. Councils obtain additional income through the Council Tax, that the council itself sets
Scottish councils co-operate through, and are represented collectively by, the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA).
History
Between 1890 and 1975 local government in Scotland was organised with county councils (including four counties of cities) and various lower-level units. Between 1890 and 1929, there were parish councils and town councils, but with the passing of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, the functions of parish councils were passed to larger district councils and a distinction was made between large burghs (i.e. those with a population of 20,000 or more) and small burghs. This system was further refined by the passing of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947.
In 1975, legislation passed by the Conservative government of Edward Heath (1970-1974) introduced a system of two-tier local government in Scotland (see Regions of Scotland), divided between large Regional Councils and smaller District Councils. The only exceptions to this were the three Island Councils, Western Isles, Shetland and Orkney which had the combined powers of Regions and Districts. The Conservative government of John Major (1990-1997) decided to abolish this system and merge their powers into new unitary authorities. The new councils vary widely in size — some are the same as counties, such as Clackmannanshire, some are the same as former districts, such as Inverclyde and some are the same as the former regions, such as Highland. The changes took effect in 1996 with shadow councillors elected in 1995 to oversee the smooth transition of control.
Governance and administration
The power invested in local authorities is administered by elected councillors. There are currently 1,222, each paid a part-time salary for the undertaking of their duties. Each council elects a Provost or Convenor to chair meetings of the council and to act as a figurehead for the area. The office of Provost or Convenor is roughly equivalent to that of a Mayor, though they are elected for the four-year duration of a council.
The four city councils; Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Dundee, have a Lord Provost rather than a Provost, who has the additional duty of being Lord Lieutenant for their respective city.
Each authority has a chief executive who is similar in function to a city manager, though certain councillors have executive authority and there is no clear division of powers. The council is executive, deliberative and legislative in nature.
In total, there are 32 unitary authorities, the largest being the City of Glasgow with more than 600,000 inhabitants, the smallest, Orkney, with fewer than 20,000 people living there.
Councillors are subject to a Code of Conduct instituted by the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 and enforced by the Standards Commission for Scotland. If a person beliefs that a councillor has broken the code of conduct they make a complaint to the Office of the Chief Investigating Officer (CIO). The CIO makes a determination on whether there is a need for an investigation, and then whether or not to refer the matter to the Stadnards Commission.
Election results, 2007
Follow the introduction of the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004 local elections are held using the single transferable vote, with this taking place for the first time in 2007. This change in voting system saw all but five councils end up with no one party in control. Labour retained control of the City of Glasgow and North Lanarkshire, while Orkney, Shetland and Na h-Eileanan Siar continue to be controlled by Independent councillors. The total numbers of councillors elected per party were as follows :
| Parties | Councillors | Net Gain/Loss |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Scottish National Party | 363 | +182 | |
| Labour | 348 | -161 | |
| Liberal Democrats | 166 | -9 | |
| Conservative | 143 | +21 | |
| Scottish Green | 8 | +8 | |
| Scottish Socialist | 1 | -1 | |
| Solidarity | 1 | +1 | |
| Independent & Other | 192 | -42 | |
| Total | 1,222 | ||
Council control
The 32 unitary authorities are controlled as follows. The figures incorporate the results from the 2007 local government election, plus gains and losses from subsequent local by-elections, and party defections.
| Council area | Political control | Lab | SNP | LD | Con | Grn | Oth | Total |
| City of Aberdeen | LD-SNP | 10 | 13 | 15 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 43 |
| Aberdeenshire | LD-Con | 0 | 22 | 24 | 14 | 0 | 8 | 68 |
| Angus | Con-LD-Lab-Oth | 2 | 13 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 6 | 29 |
| Argyll and Bute | Oth-SNP | 0 | 10 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 15 | 36 |
| Clackmannanshire | Lab (minority) | 8 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 18 |
| Dumfries and Galloway | Con-LD (minority) | 14 | 10 | 3 | 18 | 0 | 2 | 47 |
| City of Dundee | Lab-LD (minority) | 10 | 13 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 29 |
| East Ayrshire | SNP (minority) | 14 | 14 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 32 |
| East Dunbartonshire | Con-Lab (minority) | 6 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 24 |
| East Lothian | SNP-LD | 7 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 23 |
| East Renfrewshire | Lab-SNP-Oth-LD | 7 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 20 |
| City of Edinburgh | LD-SNP | 15 | 12 | 17 | 11 | 3 | 0 | 58 |
| Na h-Eileanan Siar | Oth | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 31 |
| Falkirk | Lab-Oth-Con | 14 | 13 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 32 |
| Fife | SNP-LD | 24 | 23 | 21 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 78 |
| City of Glasgow | Lab | 46 | 22 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 79 |
| Highland | Oth-SNP | 7 | 18 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 80 |
| Inverclyde | Lab (minority) | 9 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 20 |
| Midlothian | Lab (minority) | 9 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 |
| Moray | Oth-Con | 2 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 12 | 26 |
| North Ayrshire | Lab (minority) | 12 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 30 |
| North Lanarkshire | Lab | 40 | 23 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 70 |
| Orkney | Oth | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 21 |
| Perth and Kinross | SNP-LD | 3 | 18 | 8 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 41 |
| Renfrewshire | SNP-LD | 17 | 17 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 40 |
| Scottish Borders | Oth-Con-LD | 0 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 0 | 7 | 34 |
| Shetland | Oth | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 22 |
| South Ayrshire | Con (minority) | 9 | 8 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 30 |
| South Lanarkshire | Lab (minority) | 30 | 24 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 67 |
| Stirling | Lab (minority) | 8 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 22 |
| West Dunbartonshire | SNP-Oth | 10 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 22 |
| West Lothian | SNP-Oth | 14 | 13 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 32 |
| TOTAL | - | 348 | 363 | 166 | 143 | 8 | 194 | 1222 |
Election results, 2003
| Parties | Votes | Votes % | +/- | Wards | Net Gain/Loss |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labour | 611,843 | 32.6 | -3.7% | 509 | -42 | |
| Scottish National Party | 451,660 | 24.1 | -4.6% | 181 | -23 | |
| Conservative | 282,895 | 15.1 | +1.6% | 122 | +14 | |
| Liberal Democrats | 272,057 | 14.5 | +1.9% | 175 | +18 | |
| Independent | 189,749 | 10.1 | +3.0% | 230 | +39 | |
| Other | 67,533 | 3.6 | +2.0% | 4 | -6 | |
| Total | 1,875,737 | 1,222 | ||||
Council control
The 32 unitary authorities were controlled as follows, before the 2007 elections. The figures incorporate the results from the 2003 local government election, plus gains and losses from subsequent local by-elections, and party defections.
| Council area | Political control | Labour Party (Lab) | Scottish National Party (SNP) | Liberal Democrats (LD) | Conservative Party (Con) | Others (Oth) |
| City of Aberdeen | LD-Con | 14 | 6 | 20 | 3 | 0 |
| Aberdeenshire | LD-Oth | 0 | 18 | 28 | 11 | 11 |
| Angus | SNP | 1 | 17 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
| Argyll and Bute | Oth | 0 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 22 |
| Clackmannanshire | Lab | 10 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Dumfries and Galloway | Lab (minority) | 15 | 5 | 5 | 11 | 11 |
| City of Dundee | Lab-LD (minority) | 10 | 11 | 2 | 5 | 1 |
| East Ayrshire | Lab | 23 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| East Dunbartonshire | LD | 9 | 0 | 12 | 3 | 0 |
| East Lothian | Lab | 17 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 0 |
| East Renfrewshire | Lab-LD | 8 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 2 |
| City of Edinburgh | Lab | 30 | 1 | 14 | 13 | 0 |
| Na h-Eileanan Siar | Oth | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 24 |
| Falkirk | SNP-Oth | 12 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 7 |
| Fife | Lab (minority) | 35 | 13 | 23 | 2 | 5 |
| City of Glasgow | Lab | 69 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Highland | Oth | 8 | 6 | 13 | 0 | 53 |
| Inverclyde | LD | 6 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 1 |
| Midlothian | Lab | 14 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Moray | Oth | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 16 |
| North Ayrshire | Lab | 20 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 2 |
| North Lanarkshire | Lab | 54 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Orkney | Oth | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 |
| Perth and Kinross | SNP-LD-oth | 5 | 15 | 9 | 10 | 2 |
| Renfrewshire | Lab | 21 | 14 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| Scottish Borders | Oth-Con | 0 | 2 | 8 | 11 | 13 |
| Shetland | Oth | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 17 |
| South Ayrshire | Con (control dependent on casting vote of the Provost) | 14 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1 |
| South Lanarkshire | Lab | 49 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
| Stirling | Lab | 11 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| West Dunbartonshire | Lab | 16 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| West Lothian | Lab | 18 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| TOTAL | - | 495 (15 councils, plus 2 shared control) | 190 (1 council, plus 2 shared control) | 179 (2 councils, plus 5 shared control) | 126 (1 council, plus 2 shared control) | 232(6 councils, plus 4 shared control) |
Community councils
Community councils represent the interests of local people. Local authorities have a statutory duty to consult community councils on planning, development and other issues directly affecting that local community. However, the community council has no direct say in the delivery of services. In many areas they do not function at all, but some work very effectively at improving their local area. Elections for community councils are determined by the local authority but the law does state that candidates cannot stand on a party-political ticket.